Luxembourg and Ireland, at the top of the EU - They have the highest GDP per capita. At the bottom, Bulgaria and Greece
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in purchasing power standards (PPS) is a widely used measure to compare national income levels, as it takes into account changes in price levels. In 2025, GDP per capita in PPS varies significantly across Europe. With the EU average set at 100, it ranges from 68 in Bulgaria and Greece to 239 in Luxembourg according to Eurostat. It is about 3.5 times higher in Luxembourg than in Bulgaria and Greece.
This means that, after adjusting for price changes, the average citizen in the EU can afford 100 units of a common basket of goods and services. In Bulgaria and Greece, they can afford around 68 units, while in Luxembourg they can afford around 239 units, followed by Ireland with 237 units.
These figures show that Luxembourg and Ireland have by far the highest GDP per capita at 139% and 137% above the EU average. In contrast, it is 32% below the EU average in Bulgaria and Greece.
Apart from these two exceptional cases, the Netherlands has the highest GDP per capita in purchasing power standards at 134% of the EU average, followed by Denmark (127%) and Austria (117%).
However, Luxembourg and Ireland are specific cases. Eurostat notes that a large number of foreign workers are employed in Luxembourg and contribute to its GDP, but are not part of its resident population.
In Ireland, the high level of GDP per capita can be partly explained by the presence of large multinational companies that own intellectual property. Contract manufacturing associated with these assets adds to GDP, while a large part of the income generated returns to the ultimate owners of the companies abroad.
In euros adjusted for purchasing power standards, the average Gross Domestic Product per capita in the EU was around 41,600 euros in 2025, based on preliminary data. Among EU countries, it ranges from 28,300 euros in Bulgaria to 99,300 euros in Luxembourg.
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